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As the world undergoes rapid technological and digital advancements, the prevalence of Machine Translation (MT) and Computer-Assisted Translation (CAT) has significantly increased. Despite this proliferation, concerns and limitations persist. Achieving accurate, precise, and high-quality machine translation remains a significant challenge, particularly in the foreseeable future, due to the intricacies of language and the complex nature of human communication. This paper explores the limitations of machine translation, highlighting that even if computers could convey meaning accurately, they would still lag behind human translators in various aspects of language use. Linguists acknowledge that conveying meaning is just one function of language, and machine translation faces inherent challenges that render it a continuously evolving and unresolved problem domain. The findings of this study shed light on the profound implications of AI development within machine translation. This comprehensive analysis explores the impact of technology and artificial intelligence (AI) on the limitations of machine translation (MT). The research objectives include evaluating recent technological advancements, examining specific linguistic challenges, analyzing limitations in distinct translation scenarios, and assessing the evolving landscape of linguistic tasks for MT. This research is based on both primary and secondary resources collected through surveys, reviews of online research publications, journal articles, and textbooks. Findings indicate that while technological progress, notably AI-driven developments, has enhanced MT capabilities, challenges persist in replicating the full spectrum of human language functions. MT encounters difficulties in handling idioms, formal language, and official documents, thereby highlighting limitations in specific linguistic domains. Despite advancements, challenges in context-awareness and semantic interpretation persist, suggesting that achieving precision comparable to human translation remains a formidable task. The conclusion emphasizes the need for continuous technological advancements, interdisciplinary collaboration, user training, and ethical considerations. These recommendations aim to guide future developments in machine translation, ensuring responsible and informed usage in the dynamic intersection of technology, artificial intelligence, and translation.

Sri Lanka is a diverse and multiethnic nation comprising Sinhalese, Tamil, and Muslim communities. However, it has struggled with the aftermath of a 30-year-long conflict, which has contributed to a significant divide between the Sinhalese and Tamils. In this context, many artistic productions in Sri Lanka aim to foster ethnic harmony among its diverse population. Notably, the Sri Lankan film industry has played a vital role in producing cinematic experiences that promote harmony among various ethnic groups, with such efforts tracing back to the early development of Sri Lankan cinema. This study focuses on the role of Sri Lankan cinema in promoting ethnic harmony, with specific reference to the 2018 anthology film Her. Him. The Other, directed collaboratively by Prasanna Vithanage, Asoka Handagama, and Vimukthi Jayasundara, and produced by the Office for National Unity and Reconciliation. The study employs a qualitative approach using content analysis and semiotic analysis to examine how visual elements and dialogue contribute to fostering ethnic understanding among audiences. The findings reveal that the film strongly advocates ethnic equality by portraying multiple ethnic perspectives and shared human experiences. Through its visual and narrative strategies, the film presents ethnicity as a transient and socially constructed aspect of identity, thereby challenging the validity of conflict based on ethnic divisions. The three segments collectively emphasise universal human values such as empathy, suffering, and dignity, which transcend ethnic boundaries. This study contributes to the limited body of research on post-conflict Sri Lankan cinema by demonstrating how cinematic art can function as a medium for peacebuilding and reconciliation. It highlights the potential of film as a powerful tool for promoting unity and human rights in multicultural societies.

International investment law and international cultural heritage law have developed independently as autonomous branches of international law, with minimal normative convergence. Nonetheless, collisions are significantly more common despite the two regimes' synergy being evident in many fields, including cultural tourism and the sustainable use of cultural heritage. Collisions between two paradigms could result in a violation of the investor rights guaranteed by investment treaties on the one hand and a breach of the duty to conserve cultural heritage on the other. In this backdrop, the purpose of this paper is to critically examine the interplay between the protection and promotion of foreign investment and the host state's right to regulate the protection of cultural heritage, with a special focus on the substantive provisions of the bilateral investment treaties (BITs) of Sri Lanka. It is vital to assess this linkage at a time when the government has decided to expand Galle Harbour, located in the world heritage site of Galle, to include a leisure hub to attract more investment opportunities. If the state adopts a regulatory measure for the protection of cultural heritage that adversely impacts the interests of a foreign investor, the investor may challenge the state measure as a breach of the State’s BIT obligation. By mapping the preamble, expropriation clause, FET standard and exception clause of the BITs of Sri Lanka, the paper analyses how the protection of cultural heritage has been integrated into its BITs. Finally, the paper emphasises the reality of adopting explicit language in the second generation of investment treaties to reconcile cultural heritage concerns with investment promotion and explores how Sri Lanka may draw on this approach in revisiting its BITs.

An academic degree is often regarded as a key to unlocking employment opportunities. With the rapidly evolving technological era, Arts and Social Sciences graduates experience significant pressure to secure employment upon graduation. In this study, we aim to explore the underlying factors that influence employability. The survey was conducted through a questionnaire within the Faculty of Social Sciences and Languages at Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka between 2018 and 2022. The sample encompassed individuals holding both Bachelor's and Honours degrees. The employment rates for the Honours degree program were 30.8%, 26.9%, 29.4% and 52.3% in 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2022 respectively, while the Bachelor's degree program showed rates of 17.6% in 2018, 21.8% in 2019, 20.9% in 2020, and 11% in 2022. The employment rate for graduates within the first three months after graduation was recorded at 63.8% in 2018, 65.5% in 2019, 60.9% in 2020 and 74.4% in 2022. Conversely, the employment rates for ICT graduates were 75.4% in 2018, 66.2% in 2019, 79% in 2020 and 87.4% in 2022. Similarly, English Language graduates consistently demonstrated a satisfactory employability status, averaging 81.5% each year. Most graduates are engaged in temporary or contractual positions, representing 72.1% in 2018, 81.2% in 2019, 88.4% in 2020 and 84.2% in 2022. The findings suggest that an average of six months is inadequate for an Arts graduate to secure suitable employment. Improving career guidance and skill-enhancing programs are essential. Increased opportunities will bolster the skills expected from Social Science graduates by the industry.

The 2025 Gen Z-led protests in Nepal were a pivotal moment in the nation's democratic progress, culminating in the resignation of the sitting administration and a significant shift in electoral results in the 2026 general election. This study utilises social movement theory, political process theories, and empirical information from scholarly and contemporary reporting sources to analyse the transition of youth mobilisation into electoral transformation and its implications for the future of democratic government in Nepal. The election revealed a generational shift in political engagement, governance issues stemming from institutional deficiencies and public expectations persist. The democratic progression of Nepal relies on the ability of new leadership to institutionalise participatory advancements and tackle structural limitations while managing domestic and geopolitical challenges.